8 1/2 Federico Fellini

8 ? Federico Fellini Film 8 ? by Italian director Federico Fellini was one of the most influential film of the post-war 1960? s. Nevertheless, this film is an Italian comedy which was based on Guido Anselmi a famous Italian film director. Guido Anselmi has a mental block when it comes to his film, (â€Å"director‘s block†) and struggles with his flash backs, dreams, and reality. Guido desperately tries to find an inspiration to help him finish his film. However, with the wife, mistress, and friend’s pressure it becomes much harder for Guido to focus on his film production.This film was shot in black and white and yet of the depletion of technology and the un-discovery of color, Fellini still as a filmmaking director portrays the amusing and perplexing shots and scenes from the film in an engrossing way. Federico Fellini who directed the film gave the audience a new perspective of filmmaking and techniques. Fellini used several film techniques, but these two techni ques stood out. Mise-en-scene and camerawork which both helped make this film one of the best of its time.On the other hand, Fellini was also one of the many film directors who used reflexivity, which means he created awareness of itself as a process as well as a process. This gave the film and audience an impression of what and how Federico Fellini works on his films. The audience can in a way get into Fellini’s mind and try to understand what it is that he is thinking or struggling with. Federico Fellini made 8 ? in a non-chronological way, which means that the film has no shot order. Guido’s dreams and reality intertwined throughout the entire film.This throws the audience off track but Guido’s on and off dream, memory and reality shot’s in the end come to making sense. Fellini used mise-en-scene for 8 ?. Mise-en-scene is a French term which means â€Å"what is put into the scene/frame†. Fellini knows the importance of lighting, background, and location. This is what makes the audience more aware and also helps understand what is happening throughout the film. For example, in one of the scenes, Fellini shows Guido speaking to his father and the camera angles shows his father standing in the foreground. This makes Guido’s father look smaller in the background.This is a very good example of mise-en-scene because it’s defined as the articulation of cinematic space. In this film Fellini took very good advantage of the frame. His way of placing characters is quite fascinating he almost places them like if they’d been on a stage while filmmaking. Camerawork was the second of many techniques that Federico Fellini used for the production of 8 ?. The way Fellini used the camera to show close ups, long shots, images, frame within a frame, and montage were very eye catching to the audience. One example would be, the scene where Guido remembers when he was younger and how he was wrapped with sheets.Then suddenly h e starts to fantasize that all the women who live in the house with him, where carrying him. Fellini focused on that specific scene where Guido? s face is far beyond noticeable on the camera and the viewer can clearly see his face expressions. The audience can almost feel as if they where there with Guido in that same house. Another good example of Fellini’s great camerawork would be the scene where Guido is in some sort of sauna with many men and women, and the audience can clearly see Guido’s facial expressions when he sees the woman in some sort of bath robe walking to her side of the women? sauna. Guido rapidly, gets distracted and the viewers are able to see the close up on Guido’s face. Following the scene where Guido is called to speak to his eminence, the camera deep focus on the window that is opening and vapor is coming out. Guido’s eminence is being bathed by his helpers. Fellini really embraced the fact that Guido is very religious since he wa s very young. Despite his crazy fantasies, and memories, he still seeks for his eminence to obtain permission to do his film. However, the camera work is not the only technique that makes this film special.The shadows, dark lighting and the use of location are also, very important in 8 ?. Federico Fellini made the audience more aware of what was happening throughout the film. Location is where the moviegoers can connect with the film. To conclude Federico Fellini’s film 8 ? was very amusing despite the confusion it caused through the film. The audience struggles to see if it’s reality that is happening in Guido’s life or if it’s just another of his dreams. Now, Guido would dream and fantasize because that was a way for him to cope with his lost inspiration. ? was not only the greatest film during the post- war era, but it also influenced the making of a play, and musical named â€Å"Nine† (1980) which was a revival of the Fellini’s film 8 ?. Nevertheless, film director Federico Fellini and this film itself have made me understand much more of the various types of cinematography and filmmaking techniques there is. However, the film was confusing the surrealism of the film and Guido? s flashbacks, fantasies, and reality made Fellini? s film 8 ? quite an adventure to have seen.

Fungi with Focus on Subdivision Zygomycotina and Ascomycotina

Fungi comprises a huge and varied group of organisms that have common characteristics with both the lower plants (algae) and lower animals but are not related to each other(1, a, b,c). They contain true mitochondria and a membrane-enclosed nucleus. They have no chlorophyll and chloroplast. Reproduction is achieved through sexual and asexual means(12). Most fungi grow as branched tubular systems, or mycelia, whose individual filaments or hyphae are surrounded by rigid cell walls containing chitin, cellulose, or both, and other polysaccharides. All fungi lack photosynthetic ability and therefore require preformed organic compounds(2).Prior to the development of fungi in the microscope in the 1600s, the only fungi described were the higher fungi that have large fruiting structures, such as morels, mushrooms, and puffballs. In 1836, the study of fungi was termed mycology (a branch of botany). The different groups of fungi are classified according to their means of sexual reproduction, li fe cycle exhibited, growth and developmental stages, and means of asexual propagation(4). Two Division System: Myxomycota and Eumycota. Ainsworth constructed a two-division system for fungi—the kingdom is divided into two groups, namely Division Myxomycota and Division Eumycota.In Division Myxomycota, the fungi grow as multinucleate amoeboid plasmodia and produce motile uninucleate amobae, as well as biflagellate cells. The so called true fungi are placed in Division Eumycota. The evolutionary relations for this division may be described as a single phyletic series, except for Oomycetes(6). Eumycota and Subdivisions. The Division Eumycota is subdivided into subdivison Mastigomycotina, Basidiomycotina, Deuteromycotina, Zygomycotina, and Ascomycotina. In subdivision Mastigomycotina, the fungi produce motile spores called zoospores, with one or two flagella.The subdivision Basidiomycotina includes members producing haplontic sexual spores called basidiospores on a specialized ce ll called the basidium. The subdivision Deuteromycotina includes all fungi that lack known sexual reproductive structures. Most fungi that cannot be classified fall under this subdivision. The subdivision Zygomycotina has a single class, Zygomycetes and this class includes fungi—bread molds or pin molds—that typically produce an abundant or aerial, coenocytic mycelium and are common causes for the decay of of foods and rich sources of organic material.The subdivision Ascomycotina (formerly the class Ascomycetes) includes all true fungi in which sexual reproduction results in ascospores, produced within specialized structures called an ascus(7). Zygomycotina. The subdivision Zygomycotina has cell walls containing chitin as a primary component. They reproduce asexually by means of non-motile spores called sporangiospores produced in the sporangia formed on branches (sporangiophores) of the mycelium. In some species, such as the Rhizopus nigrificans, the sporangia arise i n clusters with rhizoids at the base and hyphal strands or stolons interconnecting the clusters.The spores are released by the breakdown of the sporangial wall of the sporangial wall and dispersed by air /wind or water current. They germinate by direct outgrowth of hyphal tube to produce a new mycelium. Rhizoids anchor the fungi to the substrate, acting like roots, thus releasing the enzymes necessary to breakdown the substrate and absorbing the broken down nutrients (1). Sexual reproduction may occur between different parts of the mycelium (homothallic mating) or between two sterile strains/cells of opposite mating type. The latter is regulated by a single pair of genes or alleles.One gene is said to be the plus mating type and the other the minus mating type (8). The gametangia, or the sex organs, fuse to form a dormant, thick-walled pigmented and often sculpted zygote called the zygospore. The mature zygospores eventually germinate to produce the new haploid mycelium. The represe ntatives for this subdivision are members of the Rhizopus species like R. oligosporus and R. stolonifer(2). The genetic regulation of sexual reproduction in fungi was first discovered in Zygomycetes by Albert Blakeslee, who coined the terms homothallism and heterothallism to describe the two opposite mating types.Both are known to be common in throughout the kingdom. Ascomycotina. The subdivision Ascomycotina have chitinous cell walls. In many ascomycetes, male structures (antheridia) and female structures (ascogonia) are produced. The antheridia donate nuclei to the ascogonia by fusion with a receptive filament, the trichogyne. In others, the same function may be accomplished by conidia (asexual spores that can also serve as fertilizing elements) or by hyphal fusion. The parental nuclei in the ascogonium unite in the ascogonium and enter the hyphal branches that grow out from it within a developing fruiting body called the ascocarp.The paired parental nuclei divide synchronously (c onjugate division) in specialized hyphae with binucleate cells (ascogenous hyphae). The tip cells of the ascogenous hyphae form a hook in which the haploid parental nuclei fuse to produce a diploid zygote nucleus. The zygote nucleus immediately undergoes meiotic division to produce four haploid nuclei in the enlarging cell, called the ascus at this type of development. In most cases the a mitotic nuclear division then doubles the number of nuclei per ascus, after which each nucleus is enclosed in a cell wall to form the ascospores.The hypahe have simple washer-shaped septa with a central pore; and the asexual reproduction occurs by formation of non-motile spores — conidia, oidia, arthrospores and others — that are usually produced on specialized branches called conidiophores. Several classes of ascomycetes exist. The class Hemiascomycetes includes the unicellular or mycelial yeast. The class Plectomycetes includes several economically important fungi that form their as ci in small, simple, closed fruiting structures (cleisthothecia).The powdery mildews are all obligate parasites of higher plants and are largely host-specific. A second major group of plectomycetes include the commercially utilizable genera Aspergillus and Penicillium,as well as important pathogens of plants and humans. Sexual reproduction is relatively rare among species of Aspergillus (185 species) and Penicillium (14 species). Aspergillus produces chains of pigmented, asexual conidia on the surface of an inflated region of a branch called a conidiophore.Conidium formation is similar similar in Penicillium, but the conidiopore is branched to form a brushlike structure (penicillus) instead of having an inflated vesicle. The conidia are connected by chains in conidiophores but are readily dispersed by air currents. The green, black, yellow and gray colonies of these common microfungi are the results of the color of the huge number of pigmented conidia produced on the surface. All fu ngi in class Pyrenomycetes produce asci and ascospore sas an organized hymenial layer in a fruiting body called perithecium.The perithecium is a small flask-shaped structure with a thin wall that surrounds a basal tuft of asci with the opening at the top called an ostiole. The ascospores are typically discharged from the tips of the asci as they sequentially protrude from the ostiole. The perithecia may form separate structures on the mycelium, or they may lie just below the surface of a larger mass of sterile hyphae called stroma(10). In addition to their roles in the decay of plant and animal residues and in food spoilage, these fungi (h,j) are of great significance to humans in many other ways.Aspergillus fumugatus, a common inhabitant of the heated compost, can cause respiratory disease in humans, and a number of related species may produce aflatoxin, a tumor inducing alkaloid, in poorly stored moldy grain(9. ) A. flavus and A. parasiticus produces aflatoxin, B1 (f), B2 (g), G1 and G2, the first mentioned being the most toxic (a, b,c). The disease caused by Aspergillus is termed as aspergillosis characterized by allergy and infection-like symptoms (3,4). The potential threat of Aspergillus as biological weapon of mass destruction is still being investigated (d-j).Species of both Penicillium and Aspergillus are used extensively in commercial fermentations. Camembert cheese derives its flavor from Penicillium camemberti, and Roquefort from P. roqueforti. Soy sauce is fermented with Aspergillus oryzae or A. soyae. This class also includes other species that cause disease in humans, animals and plants (4, j); for example the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi is responsible for the Dutch Elm disease, other species cause a wilt disease in oaks and still others reduce the quality in number (3, l). Antibiotics were first fist produced using penicillin from P.notatum; the antibiotic activity of this fungus was first described by Alexander Fleming in 1929. Only through a joi nt effort of British and American scientists during the World War II, however was the industrial-scale production achieved, by using a better strains of P. chrysogenum. A huge antibiotic industry has since developed. . Various microfungi are used to produced a number of organic acids—gluconic, itaconic and citric acids (d,e, m), for example—and in other chemical processes. Citric acid fermentation yields about 99,000 each year.Penicillium’s uses do not extend to cheese and to antibiotics alone but also in agriculture—serves as soil bioinoculant. Ochratoxin is produced by P. viridicatum and P. verrucosum. Selected Bibliography I. Books 1. Ainsworth, G. C. (1976). Introduction to the History of Mycology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, In 2. Alexopoulas, C. J. Introductory Mycology. (1979). NY: Wentworth Pub, Inc. 3. Bulmer, G. C. (1979). Introduction to Medical Mycology. London: Academic Press. 4. Christensen, M. C. (1975). Molds, Mushrooms and Mycotoxins. NY : Plenum Press 5. Emmons, C. W. , Binford, J. P.Utz, J. P. , and Kwon-Chung, K. J. , 1977. Medical Mycology. New England: UP. 6. Garraway, M. O. and Evans, R. C. , Fungal Nutrition and Physiology. 1984. London: Academic Press. 7. Gray, W. D. Alexopoulus, C. J.. Biology of Myxomycetes. 1968. NY: Wentworth Pub, Inc. 8. Grolier Encyclopedia. (1993). Grolier International Inc. 9. Raper KB, Fennell DI. , 1965 The genus Aspergillus . Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins. 10. Webster, J. Introduction to Fungi. 1980. NY: WMC Inc. II. Journals a. Asan A, Ekmekci S. , 1994 The determination of Penicillium and Aspergillus species in Edirnesoils and their seasonal distribution Tr J Biol 18:291-303 b. El-Said AHM. , 1994 Studies on soil mycoflora of Bahreen Microbiol Res 149:263-269 c. Fresquez PR. , 1990 Fungi associated with soils collected beneath and between pinyon and juniper canopies in New Mexico Great Basin Naturalist 50:167-172 d. Ghildiyal JC. , 1993 Mycoflora of decomposing leaf litter in a subtropical freshwater swamp Proc Nat Acad Sci India 63: (B)H 207-211 e. Joffe AZ. , 1967 The mycoflora of a light soil in a citrus fertilizer trial in Israel Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 32:209-230 f. Kamal Gupta ML, Kumar P., 1979 Aspergilli from soils of Gorakhpur 9: Edaphic factors and distribution in 4 soil types against plane cover Indian J Mycol Plant Pathol 9:56-65 gKhallil AM, Abdel-Sater MA. , 1993 Fungi from water, soil, and air polluted by industrial effluents of Manquabad superphosphate factory (Assuit, Egypt) J Basic Microbiol 31:83- 100 h. Klich M. , 1998 Soil fungi of some low-altitude desert cotton fields and ability of their extracts to inhibit Aspergillus flavus Mycopathologia 142:97-100 i. Rutherford JM, Huang LH. , 1994 A study of fungi of remote sediments in West Virginia cavesand a comparison with reported species in the literature NSS Bulletin 56:38-45 j. Steiman R, Guiraud P, Sage L, Seigle-Murandi F, Lafond J-L. , 1995 Mycoflora of soil around the Dead Sea I-Ascomycetes (including Aspergillus and Penicillium), Basidiomycetes, Zygomycetes System Appl Microbiol 18:310-317 l. Sulun Y, Hasenekoglu I. , 1993 A study on Aspergillus Mich. ex. Fr. and Penicillium Link ex. Gray flora of the soils of northeast Anatolia, Turkiye Doga-Tr J Biol 17:49-60 m. Yaguchi T, Someya A, Udagawa SI. , 1994 Fennellia flavipes and Neosartorya stiamenia, two new records from Japan Mycoscience 35:175-178

What is the most convincing ethical system Why Research Paper

What is the most convincing ethical system Why - Research Paper Example A person can select the option that is best for him or her. The best should be according to the person in hand, how he admits what he wants and desires and also what is important to him. When a person identifies what is best for him, and then comes the premise of the most convincing ethical system he should dwell in (Bishop, 2000). If we perceive capitalism to be the most convincing ethical system or the institute of ethics then we first have to define what capitalism is. It is theory of the law. It is that theory of law that constitutes of description of property rights of an individual. This means to determine and avert the conflicts. Conflicts arouse when human beings make irreconcilable decisions about some of the resources that are used in ways proposed most of the times. This Theory of Law relies on the acknowledgment that individual actions are based on the decisions made by individuals and they are brought together by sense of responsibility (Kristol, 1978). Most of the resou rces are spent on the decisions that individuals make. The person who finally decides fate or use of a resource possesses the resource in actuality. Future conflicts regarding conflicts can be prevented by determining who has the authority to make decisions about the resources and who can legally hold it. Capitalism is therefore about recognizing the potentially disrupted resource an owner or proprietor can have. It’s the only way out to avoid the conflicts about future and determines who will get the resource in the end. To avoid the future conflicts about the resources and who will take what decision is about who is the lawful owner of resources. Therefore, capitalism is based upon recognizing owner and proprietor (Bishop, 2000). The ownership of resources is not subjective to anything in the realm of capitalism. Considering the ethical inferences of capitalism, it is highly advisable to unbalance the model of theoretical capitalism from the history of human civilization wi th the idea of emphasizing the significance of one’s freedom. This is the way that laissez-faire and free-market capitalism exist in market and also the perfect model of human society which ceases a difficult task for native Romans and Greeks and also the medieval kings. But, capitalism reassumes democracy as its highlight. The most basic form of economy and government is capitalism in its democratic form (Kristol, 1978). The possession of individual rights is the basic form of capitalism and everyone should have a free will in capitalism. It is known for giving autonomy to individuals on the basis of property rights, and freedom upon one’s own mind, body, and the spirit. Therefore, the everlasting rule of capitalism is that natural resources should be used by human beings free of will. Human beings are free to practice their rights until they don’t intervene in others’ rights. The historical theory of Karl Marx materialism is to try to impose laissez-fai re in medieval rulers which is not right jurisdiction of this presumption. If laissez-faire depends on development in history, how it is the best form of human civilization. These ideas dwindle in the mind of one as one pertains to think about comparison of contemporary capitalism from the pre-historic capitalism (Bishop, 2000). But, with powers comes responsibility. It is the ethical responsibility of an individual to have the freedom of recognizing the outcomes of such decisions. Therefore, all the creators receive what they make, regardless of the negatively or positivity of such object. Considering this justification, destroyers are solely responsible for the things they

Poverty and Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty and Pollution - Essay Example Industries in developing countries also do not have the technology to combat environmental pollution which is why they are suffering the most because of environmental pollution. In this paper, the issue of environmental pollution will be discussed and the role of developing and developed countries will be discussed. Moreover, the discussion will be made on ethical implications of polluting in a third world country. Also, a uniform global plan for pollution control will be proposed. The ethical implications of polluting in a Third World country are severe, to say the least. Businesses cannot make life miserable for people of third world countries because everyone has a right to live his or her life in a healthy environment. There cannot be any ethical justification of businesses polluting in Third World countries. When businesses pollute the land, air, and waters of developing countries, they hurt and endanger the lives of the people who live there, and this cannot be justified. It is also not ethical for businesses to damage the natural resources of third world countries in the name of economic progress. Even if businesses that are polluting in developing countries are actually creating jobs and contributing to the economy, their actions are not ethically justified because their practices will make life difficult for future generations. The argument that businesses in the Third World provide employment to otherwise unemployed people of the country is not valid because the same businesses are making the environment worse for the future generations. It is important to take into account the good of both the present and future generations, and in this regard practices of businesses that are polluting in the Third World countries are unethical.

International Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Economic Growth - Essay Example The reduction in costs facilitated trade between countries and the shipment of goods to other countries became easier and cheap. It also leads to exchange of services, technology, factors of production and economically useful knowledge. The fall in transportation cost was also accompanied by an increase in the transportation speed. With the combination of fast, cheap and easy transportation, inter-trade between countries grew. Labor became mobile due to introduction of fast ways of travel and migrated to different countries to take advantage of better job opportunities. Moreover, due to increased communication and exchange of technology, a change in lifestyle also occurred in many countries. The use of new technology was adopted by many countries so the lifestyle of people living in these countries became similar also leading to a global economy. To sum up, migration, international specialization, trade and public policies helped create a global economy before the First World War. The First World War took place mainly in Europe between the years 1914 and 1918. The aftermath of the war saw a huge impact on the economies of the countries that fought, (Britain, Italy, U.S, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal, Turkey and Russia among others) and ultimately, affected the global economy by bringing the process of global economic integration to a halt or at least slowing the process down. 2. 'The First World War represents a turning-point in the economic history of Europe.' Discuss. The First World War is certainly a turning point in the economy history of Europe as it steered the economy in European countries away from moving towards a globally integrated economy. Firstly, it was because world international trade suffered a sharp decline after the war as the United States, Great Britain and France still had some conflicts. The European economy suffered a great financial setback in the war and faced many economic difficulties. Many industries that were opened to support the war had to be closed down and the countries saw a rise in the level of unemployment. The rise in protectionist policies proved to be a barrier to free trade and adversely affected the growth of many countries' economies. Capital movements between countries became restricted and relations between countries weakened further. Also, there was a decline in the level of production and transfer of resources to the production of military goods had to be stopped. To help the country survive in the war, many countries had taken loans which in no way was favorable for their declining economy at that time. As predicted, the economies of many countries had to face an economic crisis. Wealthy people lost their money and there was a sharp fall in the living standards of people. The GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of these countries subsequently fell. In 1918, Britain imposed the system of rationing. However, issues of rising prices, worker's disputes regarding pay and overtime and lack of proper housing arose. It gave way to many strikes and unrest prevailed in European countries. The First World War was indeed a turning point for the economy in Europe as it did not support the great economic growth of the pre-Great war, disrupted lives,

Defining a line Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Defining a line - Essay Example These all correlate with the way we think and act as people. In these terms, a line can be a shallow mind, hatred, ignorance, segregation, and an arrogant person. In essence, the word â€Å"line† almost always implies dissimilarities, divisions, and opposition in our world. A line is something that delineates boundaries and sets limits on the ideas, beliefs and actions of humankind. A line is a shallow mind. Shallow minds are narrowly constricted and do not allow for any room for critical thinking and reasoning. They cannot see past one aspect of an idea, situation or problem. They could not comprehend the idea of a challenge thus they never really rise above that is asked of them. Their trend of thoughts is static and stale. If you feed a shallow mind with garbage information, then expect to get garbage information in return. A shallow mind is often restricted to living in a world without the more. Seeking the more is characteristic of a healthy, working mind that works off the beaten path. Therefore, a shallow mind lives in a world containing only the absence of the more. It recoils from the curvaceous and ever expanding path of deeper thought. Therefore, a shallow mind is a line. When we think of hatred, we do not normally think of it as a line. However, if we take a closer look into nature of things, hatred limits the capacity of the mind to understand. It narrows down our way of thinking, thus hatred is a line. When you are angry, you draw a line; you close down your mind and channel your energies into one direction. Prejudice exemplifies a type of hatred. It is the persistence of racism that has emanated from ways of recognizing and classifying strangers. In the Medical Dictionary, hatred is defined as â€Å"an affection of the mind awakened by something regarded as evil.† The word â€Å"evil† is the key word. It is the seed that cultivates hatred, the hatred that when grown, enshrouds a mind, and turn it into

Issues Related to Bilingual Education in the United States Case Study

Issues Related to Bilingual Education in the United States - Case Study Example As the report stresses the United States bilingualism means English and any other language such as Spanish that is used by the citizens. Again, it is documented that there are more than 300 languages being spoken in America. The schools in America have witnessed diversity in the past twenty five years. Educators are now experiencing a big challenge since majority of the students can no longer be predominantly speaking English. Immigrants like the Blacks, Asians, Hispanics and others are growing in population. This calls for adjustments in instructional programs to serve better these interest groups. This paper declares that bilingual education in the United States is reported to have been contested and redesigned within varied historical, economic, social and political contexts. Also, language professionals argue that the changing political, economic and social forces have designed the nation’s responses to diversity in language. Language ideology in America has been shifting depending on historical events and the lack of a consistent language ideology which has propagated political resentments especially on treatment for the minority groups of the population. It is reported that long before European colonizers came to the North American continent with their own languages and culture, the land was occupied by indigenous languages. Despite the rich cultural and language diversity in ancient days, the United States had a vision of a common language.

Care of the Adult Patient Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Care of the Adult Patient - Assignment Example Aside from giving the patient the opportunity to ask questions concerning his treatment and care, it is equally important to know that the patient is physically, psychologically, and socially fit to undergo the surgical procedure (Holland and Chady, 2012; Pudner, 2005). Often times, the process of conducting social assessment is essential in preparation for the patient’s discharge planning (Holland and Chady, 2012). Psychological assessment is normally conducted to ensure that the patient is mentally and psychologically fit to undergo laparotomy whereas the physical assessment is often conducted to ensure that the patient is physically healthy before undergoing the surgical procedure. Due to peritoneal irritation, patients with small bowel obstruction are at risks of experiencing restlessness. Because of the sudden decrease in the patient’s intravascular volume or septic shock, there are cases wherein patients with small bowel obstruction may experience hypovolemia which includes hypotension or tachycardia (Rosenthal, Zenilman and Katlic, 2011). Patients with diabetes are at risks of experiencing high blood pressure and heart diseases (Dillon, 2007, p. 32). Therefore, it is crucial that the physical assessment should include examining the patient’s vital signs such as blood pressure and heart rate. Patients with small bowel obstruction may also experience having fever (Dillon, 2007, p. 603). This is possible because of the abnormalities that are taking place within the human body. Therefore, a significant part of the physical assessment should include taking the patient’s body temperature. Patients with either partial or at the early stage of small bowel obstruction normally have stool or air within the colon (Norton et al., 2003). To detect signs of air and masses, it is necessary on the part of the nurses to perform physical abdominal exam such as the abdominal palpation (Dillon, 2007, p. 17, 64). To

Technology and its affect to geography research Essay

Technology and its affect to geography research - Essay Example GIS is changing the landscape of geographical technology with its novel ways of data collection, measurement, modeling, structuring, indexing, processing, and visualizing. The recent era has seen many technological improvements in the field of geographic research by advancing spatial technology including aerial photography, aviation, and remote sensing (Shelley, Bigler, and Aspinall, 38). The cold war era was one during which important developments were made in the field of space technology. The pressure and the space race prompted fast response from both sides and so the cold war was significant in sparking a competition which speeded geographic research. This also coincided with generous federal budgets for such projects and hence, many key developments were during this time. The time also corresponds to when people started examining the role of geographic research on the society and lives of the people. Some technologies developed after the cold war era includes GIS, micro-computers, and the internet. Indeed, these three technologies go hand in hand. Without powerful microcomputers it would be nearly impossible to model and analyze large volumes geographical data and without the internet long distance communication would not be so easy. Remote sensing has allowed the gathering of long distance geographical data without direct contact. This has enabled large amounts of spatial data to be captures and stored into a GIS without having to establish close contact. GIS now work to record, store, analyze, and map geographical data obtained from a GIS. There has already been close contemplation regarding the social, economic, and strategic implications of using a GIS. Many organizations and cities have implemented their own GIS and strategies so as to make use of the spatial data to their full potential. A GIS combines many layers of location data to allow a better spatial visualization of a place. The GIS system infrastructure is supported by cartographic

An Educational Workplace Challenge Essay Example for Free

An Educational Workplace Challenge Essay â€Å"It is our deep faith that God is compassionate and merciful, and mercy is what he bestows upon His subjects. He is generous and beautiful, and beauty is what he gives. That is how we should see the world, beautiful, with all its resources and contents, known to us or unknown. Qatar, our beloved, is also rich in natural resources. Be it human buds or wild flowers. All are blossoms, all are natural, all are beautiful bearing Qatar’s name. Let us all work together, caring for our little buds. Lets us plant them deep in the consciousness of our land. Let us nurture them with love and care to help them blossom into flowers filled with beautiful scents and filling their surroundings with beauty. † Her Highness Sheikha Moza Bint Nasser Bin Abdullah Al-Missned. (Shafallah 2007) â€Å"A picture says more than a thousand words. † For an educational institution, the vision statement shows the picture of what the school will be at its best. On the one hand, the vision is the very basis for everything that the school, the management, the teachers, the students, their parents and the community, all work for. On the other hand, the mission is the means to achieve this vision. The mission determines the strategies that will be implemented by the school management to achieve its goals and vision. Leadership takes a significant role in the achievement of this mission. This paper discusses workplace challenges and the influence of leadership in the achievement of successful school reforms. The Shafallah Center for Children with Special Needs and its efforts to solve its major problems and improve the implementation of its educational programs will be discussed using the concepts on leadership. Specifically, the paper will focus on the concept of parallel leadership and the roles of the school management and teaching professionals as leaders in influencing the school’s needed reforms. The Workplace The School The Shafallah Center for Children with Special Needs is a non-profit private school located in Doha City, Qatar, providing comprehensive services and care to individuals with departmental learning challenges, their families and the community. It was established in 1998 through the efforts of community leaders who believe in the vitality and importance of the family and the child’s role in the society particularly those children with special needs. They want to provide the children with the best care, services and educational facilities that will enable them to adapt to the surrounding environment in order to live among others in the community, and eventually secure their future. The center provides diagnosis, evaluation, school programs, training and development services for all children with all forms of disabilities from ages three to twenty-one years old. The goals and objectives of the school are: To provide comprehensive educational, instructional, rehabilitation, social, vocational and recreational services for children with special needs. To provide support and family counseling services to families of children with special needs, including individual and group therapy. To provide community awareness on dealing with children with special needs, as well as fostering acceptance and understanding of the nature of disabilities. To provide training opportunities through Shafallah Center and establishing an international entity specializing in this field. To serve as an advocate for public policy and legislative support of appropriate educational and vocational programs for children with special needs. (Shafallah 2007) School funds are generated from local and international grants and from regular tuition and matriculation of the students. The school offers five (5) programs aligned for students depending on age and learning concentration. These are the Pre-school and kindergarten which enrolls students ages 3-5. The school unit 2 is for students aging 6-21 with mild and moderate challenges, its coursework are in pre-academic, academic and pre-vocational and emphasizes on social and daily life skills. Unit 3 caters to students with mild and severe intellectual and developmental disabilities from ages 6-21; its programs are aimed to increase independence and activities are centered on daily living, self care and basic communication including socialization and leisure education. Unit 4 is designed for those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders, ages ranging from 6-21. The program uses the model TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic Related Communication Handicapped Children) and other models tailored for these children.

The Life And Work Of Elvis Presley Music Essay

The Life And Work Of Elvis Presley Music Essay Elvis Presley is one of the greatest artists of all time the changes that he went through during his career was controversial and also a success. Elvis changed music genres during his career, his distinctive way of entertaining the audience, and many people praise him as a great icon. Marcus Greil has praised Elvis for his influences on people, a great entertainer, but besides being able to capture the attention by the fans, there is a negative standpoint where Greil states Elvis lacks in his originality. People focus on the peripheral features and the commercialized product he became and Marcus views Elvis attitude toward music is different, instead of concentrating on one genre, he transformed himself multiple times to become part of the music trend. People would recognize for his deep tone voice, his signature dance moves on stage, and his self image. I agree with Marcus praise towards Elvis because he is popular for his talent in the entertainment industry and how Elvis became a product of what people wanted him to be. Elvis career slowly developed and changed through many types of genres, Greil states, The cultural range of his music has expanded to the point where it includes not only the hits of the day, but also patriotic recitals, pure country gospel, and really dirty blues (Marcus, 1975, p.121). Elvis was successfully able that he could do many genres not just what he was good at such as rock n roll. In the Mid 1950s rock and roll lecture, Echard (2011) discussed how he was exposed to different genres when he was growing up, Elvis was extremely open minded in terms of musical style. Some of the kind of music he enjoyed included: hymns and gospel, country music, R+B, and TPA pop. As an amateur he used to sing all these kinds of music (slide 7). This gave him an advantage to become a great singer, and be very flexible in what he did, he was able to transform his image and change into a different direction of genre , Almost as soon as he got to RCA, Elvis image began to soften a little and his material moved in a more pop direction (Echard,14). Besides looking at the singers artistic abilities, Marcus have incorporated nationalism and Rock and Roll together, Marcus posited a notion of Americanism that would embrace rock n roll in its entirety (Mazullo, 2000,145). Elvis was very important part of Americas music history and Marcus that he represented inventing new creativity to the music in the quote he mentioned, If they define different versions of America, Presleys career almost has the scope to take America in (Marcus,121). This shows that he was important part of the Rock and roll history, Elvis was able to show America, certain music genres was not just for Black or White people, I think may have brought a rebellious side but at the same time it is making a statement to country. In Marcus perspective of Rock and roll gives a confidence image to the audience, rock and roll was best understood as a cultural form that worked against the American grain, because of its antiestablishment message, while still representing a distinctive national character (Mazullo,145). People critiqued him at the start of his career doing something very different, media was a big help with developing him as a big artist, It was through the influential TV performances that Presleys early somatic presence was relayed to homes in America (Sewlall,2010,47). This point goes back to Marcus (1975) that the opportunity to create new material in music is not there, his presentation of mastery the grandest fantasy of freedom, but it is finally a counterfeit of freedom: it takes place in a world that for all its openness (Everybody Welcome!) is aesthetically closed(Marcus,123). Popularity became important when media was important, Echard (2011) discussed in the Mid 1950s Rock and roll lecture, the radio was important and a lot of people were exposed to the music. Later on, it led to marketing other artists, such as teen idols. In the lecture of 1958-1964, Echard (2011) discussed the personality became more important than the music, which is an issue because it took away their chances to compose original songs, Teen idols were invariably young and cute. Often they were inexperienced performers with comparatively weak voices and mild personas when compared to the first- generation rock and rollers. They were usually accompanied by studio musicians rather than by bands of their own (slide 5). This represented the country, being able to put attractive music to the audience was important to the music market. There was also an issue of what kind of artist they wanted him to be because record because they thought they want to satisfy the majority of the population, Elvis was marketed as the hillbilly catElvis came to national attention, the first impulse of a larger record industry was to market him as a country musician. (Echard,2011, slide 11). This supports what Marcus critiqued about Elvis, people want to advertise and control in a certain way that we lost the sense of originality, Other critiques that he discussed in the book The mystery train was while his fame was rising the meaning of music was fading away, The golorious oppression of that presentation parallels the all-but-complete assimilation of a revolutionary musical style into the mainstream of American culture, where no one is challenged and no one is threatened (Marcus,123). New teen idols, applies with the quote how they did not need to worry who wrote the better song, Echard (2011) discussed an example of Frankie Avalon i n the 1958-1964 lecture, his image was less dangerous than Elvis. His music was intended for the youth Audience. Elvis was portrayed as perfection, he had the physical attributes about him, it influenced people to be drawn to his personality, he was the typical guy girls wanted, Greil quoted, great artist, a great rocker, a great purveyor of shlock, a great heart throb, a great bore, a great symbol of potency, a great ham, a great nice person, and, yes, a great American (Marcus,121). Everything that is described here, I believe is just the peripheral characteristics of Elvis that is shown to us, Marcus has a good standpoint of Elvis capability to just to please his fans by the presentation of his performance. Even though he lacked originality, he showed a confidence in his music which showed through his performance, he was able to interpret other peoples songs better than the original version by another artist, and to know that even though other signers would have come up with a version of the new black music is acceptable to teenage America, of who did emerge in Elviss wake, none sang as powerfully, or with more than a touch of his magic (Marcus ,141). The story of his humble life and to rise to fame, I believe that many people were inspired in him in some way even if someone was trying to become an artist or becoming something else, he was relatable to the general public even though he presented with a lot of star qualities, Marcus stated in his book, A real glow passes and forth between Elvis and his audience, as he shares a bit of what it means to transcend the world of weakness, failure, worry age and fear, shows what it means for a boy who sprung the poor to be godly and shares tha t too. (Marcus,127) Greil Marcus presented with relevant arguments about Elvis Presleys development of his career, he presented the disadvantage of the emerging lack of original songs written by the artist because the production became the important part of making a successful single. Marcus had a strong understanding of Americas new music trend and being able to explain that Rock n roll was influential even though it is not a popular genre today. Media was important to promote the artist, Elvis Presley was able to perfect his presentation, which did not matter, if he wrote a song or not, his technical skills and the image was already the total package, his influences of performances influenced other artists. His legacy has left an imprint in the music industry, most people today are still able to recognize who is, songs that he did have been done by the artist today.

Evolution Is :: Science Biology Essays

Evolution Is Has the narrative of Mayr and his fellow naturalists—those evolutionists who include natural selection in their explanations and who comprise a strong majority of evolutionist voices today—now entered a sort of evolutionary stasis? Not yet. For example, consider Mayr's central theory of speciation as it applies to a creative species such as humans. There are cultural and creative aspects of our so-called "higher level" species that have the potential to perturb whether and how new species taxa might evolve from homo sapiens: mobility and its effect on isolation, technology applied to environmental and physiological conditions, artificial constraints on reproduction, social cultures, and our creative abilities. Whether our species is better equipped to survive or more likely to accelerate towards extinction may, in part, be determined by these factors and their interactions. Evolution is. Therefore, we are. The human species is an infinitesimally improbable out-come of countless, unrepeatable iterations of a process that itself is a fluke. To paraphrase the late naturalist Stephen J. Gould, erase the tape, have one player move a few feet to the left for good measure, do a retake, do a trillion trillion retakes, and nothing akin to homo sapiens is likely to emerge. Evolution is not intuitive, nor would any sane gambler bet on its odds. There are no "proofs," no conclusions based upon experimentation and testing. What we know about evolution derives from historical narrative—the evolutionary biologists' reconstruction of what might have happened. Their scenario has also evolved through iterations of accumulating, adapting, and eliminating ideas according to new findings, new observations, and new knowledge. In the process, the narrative's woof and warp have tightened. Gaps narrowed to the point that, in "What Evolution Is," biologist Ernst Mayr coul d proclaim, "Evolution is not merely an idea, a theory, or a concept, but is the name of a process in nature, the occurrence of which can be documented by mountains of evidence that nobody has been able to refute...It is now actually misleading to refer to evolution as a theory, considering the massive evidence that has been discovered over the last 140 years documenting its existence. Evolution is no longer a theory, it is simply a fact" [Mayr 275]. Central to this "simple fact" is the concept of speciation, which was developed in the 1930s by Dobzhansky and Mayr. According to them, allopatric speciation is contingent upon the spatial and temporal integrity of a population, a species taxon. Evolution Is :: Science Biology Essays Evolution Is Has the narrative of Mayr and his fellow naturalists—those evolutionists who include natural selection in their explanations and who comprise a strong majority of evolutionist voices today—now entered a sort of evolutionary stasis? Not yet. For example, consider Mayr's central theory of speciation as it applies to a creative species such as humans. There are cultural and creative aspects of our so-called "higher level" species that have the potential to perturb whether and how new species taxa might evolve from homo sapiens: mobility and its effect on isolation, technology applied to environmental and physiological conditions, artificial constraints on reproduction, social cultures, and our creative abilities. Whether our species is better equipped to survive or more likely to accelerate towards extinction may, in part, be determined by these factors and their interactions. Evolution is. Therefore, we are. The human species is an infinitesimally improbable out-come of countless, unrepeatable iterations of a process that itself is a fluke. To paraphrase the late naturalist Stephen J. Gould, erase the tape, have one player move a few feet to the left for good measure, do a retake, do a trillion trillion retakes, and nothing akin to homo sapiens is likely to emerge. Evolution is not intuitive, nor would any sane gambler bet on its odds. There are no "proofs," no conclusions based upon experimentation and testing. What we know about evolution derives from historical narrative—the evolutionary biologists' reconstruction of what might have happened. Their scenario has also evolved through iterations of accumulating, adapting, and eliminating ideas according to new findings, new observations, and new knowledge. In the process, the narrative's woof and warp have tightened. Gaps narrowed to the point that, in "What Evolution Is," biologist Ernst Mayr coul d proclaim, "Evolution is not merely an idea, a theory, or a concept, but is the name of a process in nature, the occurrence of which can be documented by mountains of evidence that nobody has been able to refute...It is now actually misleading to refer to evolution as a theory, considering the massive evidence that has been discovered over the last 140 years documenting its existence. Evolution is no longer a theory, it is simply a fact" [Mayr 275]. Central to this "simple fact" is the concept of speciation, which was developed in the 1930s by Dobzhansky and Mayr. According to them, allopatric speciation is contingent upon the spatial and temporal integrity of a population, a species taxon.

Heart Actions: Stroke Essay -- Disease, Disorders

Heart Actions: Stroke The cardiovascular system is mainly to pump blood around the body; it supplies fresh oxygenated blood from the lungs to organs around the body and returns it back again. Arteries supply fresh blood and veins return old blood. By one artery or blood vessel being blocked or damaged the flow of blood to the brain will suddenly stop and result of a stroke. Many consequences will come with a stroke but occupational therapy practitioners make stroke patients lives easier to live with purposeful and innovated interventions. Generally speaking, the force required to circulate blood is given by an engine which is housed almost in the middle of the chest: the heart, which is a pump that operates without stopping for a single second. The function of the heart is pumping blood to all parts of the body. The blood picks up oxygen as it passes through the lungs and travels to the heart to be driven to all parts of the body. After traveling through the body, blood runs out of oxygen and is sent back to the heart to pump it to the lungs to pick up more oxygen. This completes the cycle. To push blood through vessels around the body, the heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically. The contraction phase is called systole, which corresponds to the expulsion of blood outside the cavity. This phase is followed by a phase systolic muscle relaxation called diastole, in which there are two stages: a relaxation and a suction to draw the blood into the interior; and it keeps repeating the same course non-stopping. Following this further, there are countless cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular syndromes, conditions and diseases are one of the major causes of disability and death in the world believe it or not, but they... ...006; 19: 84-90. - Krug, G., & McCormack, G. (2009). Occupational therapy:evidence-based interventions for stroke. (106:2 ed., pp. 145-149). Missouri: University of Missouri. - Ma H & Trombly CA. A synthesis of the effects of occupational therapy for persons with stroke, part II: Remediation of impairments. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2002; 56(3): 260-274. - Mediaren Team. (2011, April 02). Media health issues. Retrieved from http://www.mediaren.net/the-stroke-or-brain-attack/index.html - Legg LA, Drummond AE, & Langhorne Occupational therapy for patients with problems in activities of daily living after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003585. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003583.pub.2 - Texas Heart Institute. (2011, Septe). Texas heart information center. Retrieved from http://texasheart.org/HIC/Anatomy/

High School and Prom Essay

‘’ Did I dream that we danced forever, in a wish that we made together on a night that I prayed would never end ‘’ One of the most unforgettable moments in my life is in my high school days particularly the most awaited event of high school student is the junior and senior prom. I’m in my third year high school It’s Friday February 15, 2008 all the junior and senior students are required to join this once in a lifetime event. I’m so excited I can’t wait to wear my dress which is color pink, to put make up and to fix my hair. Before the prom begins I my friends and my classmate met on the gate we kept taking photos of us. We were so noisy at the entrance. And when the marshal said we have to go to the covered court because the prom is going to start now, I was so nervous. I kept on thinking ‘’what if i fall while I’m walking?’’ there’s so many ‘’what if’s’’ in my mind. The court where our prom held was beautiful. I was amazed and our court was so huge. I was excited to start the prom because I am one of the student chosen to be part of the cotillion and my partner is Darwin. Darwin is one of my closest friends during high school days. The cotillion was perfectly done. After the cotillion our student president made her speech I and my other friends were so bored and some complained that they were starving. After the speech of our president we could finally eat our dinner. After our dinner the program continued there was a lot of funny moment during the program. It was hilarious. But for me, the best part of that night was party party time. We all dance like crazy animals and the best part of it is that all my guy friends asked me to dance. I also dance with my girl friend we were laughing and just have fun. After the dance I decided to go home and change my clothes at the bathroom but my bestfriend Christal told me to wait for the party to end so I change my heels and put my slippers. The speaker starts mentioning those people who are nominated to be the prom queen and king of the night. And I was busy chattering with my friends when one of my classmate told me that my name announced by the host and I was shocked i said that I can’t go to the stage because I’m wearing my slippers already. But my best friend told me that it’s ok. So I went to stage with my slippers on and walk in front of the crowd. I am so shy and embarrassed because of this but thank God that I am not the one who choose to be the prom queen. And this is one of the unforgettable moments of my life it’s just a natural moment but because of this I gain more confidence and faith in myself.

How the Macroeconomic Environment Affects Human Resource Essay

A microenvironment is simply a small environment within the operations of a business in which there are specialized features that make environment different from other business environments. In essence, it is the nearby and surrounding factors that affect and determine this environment. These factors affect the ability of the company in terms of service provision. As a matter of fact, it affects the supplies of the company, marketing strategies, marketing intermediaries, public relations and general company operations. Generally, a business microenvironment refers to the factors or elements within a particular organization and its immediate area of operations that in one way or another, has an effect on the performance of the company as well as the decision making processes of the company or business. CITATION Cal14 l 1033 (Monroe 2014)These elements are among the general public, since they form the bulk of the market, the channels of distribution among others. At the end of the day, this environment is of much importance to the success of a business. This paper gives an in-depth analysis of the microenvironments and macro environments of supermarkets as well as mobile companies thereby giving the empirical and theoretical relationships between the performance and of these business organizations as compared to their environments. The best strategy of analyzing the microenvironment of a business organization is through the SWOT technique in which one analyzes the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats within the company. CITATION Sub07 l 1033 (Subrata Ghatak 2007)The Strengths of a Company greatly determine the success of business organizations. The strength of a business organization can be measured in terms of; technological advancements, economies of scale as well as the availability of resources. The technology of a mobile company determines the amount of their sales. For instance, high levels of technology for a mobile company would reduce the cos t of production that a company incurs. Decrease in cost of production simply implies that the company makes super normal profits, that is, profits greater than zero. Technology therefore plays a very key role. Economies of Scale have the same effect as well. Economies of scale simply imply to the company’s or supermarket’s market base. Companies that enjoy economies of scale lower their cost of production, thereby increasing their profit margins. Resource availability is also equally important. As a matter of fact, the importance of availability of resources to any business organization can never be underestimated. Resource availability is could imply human, natural or financial resource. All these are the drivers of the business, both in a mobile company as well as for supermarkets. CITATION Arv l 1033 (Arvil Van Adams n.d.)The weaknesses within an organization also determine its level of performance to a very large extent. What matters at the end of the day is how th e supermarket or mobile company in question addresses the weakness that it faces in terms of operation. The most common weaknesses in either of these two enterprises are in terms of the prices, globalization and marketing. For mobile companies for instance, it is very difficult to come up with price floors owing to the products they produce. Generally, mobile phones are relatively expensive. As such, they are not the easiest products to market. Globalization on the other hand, is important since it determines the market base and network of a business. Most mobile companies have done tremendously well in this particular area. CITATION Sub07 l 1033 (Subrata Ghatak 2007)Opportunities and Threats play a very crucial role in the microenvironment of a business organization. They either make or break the organization. The opportunities of supermarkets and mobile companies most of the time come as a result of collaboration. For instance, supermarkets can collaborate with the companies that they sell their products. It is through such strategies that supermarkets can easily give their clients discounts and offers. Discounts and offers are simply marketing strategies in which business organizations attract their customers. Mobile companies, on the other hand, can take advantage of their opportunities through collaboration with other electronic companies. For instance, they could collaborate with network service providers and as such use this platform to market their products. It is very important therefore, for a company to take advantage of whatsoever opportunity that comes their way. CITATION Les12 l 1033 (Leslie Hamilton 2012)A threat is another factor that is prevalent in the microeconomic environment of a business. There are various forms of threats that can affect the performance of a business. Threats may result from social, political or economic sources. However, common threats that mobile companies and supermarkets face are in relation to risks and uncertaintie s. Risks and uncertainties face almost every business and they could be in terms of price fluctuations, the risk of a technology becoming obsolete, market variations and so on. Competition is another threat that mobile companies as well as supermarkets have to deal with. It is a challenge that also comes an opportunity. Competition encourages organizations to come up with more advanced forms of technology for instance of mobile companies. Supermarkets, on the other hand, experience a lot of competition due to the homogeneity of products. CITATION Les12 l 1033 (Leslie Hamilton 2012)The next part of the paper gives an insight on the macroeconomic market. This market environment deals with broader economic issues such as inflation, unemployment, national income and GDP. The Pestel model is the best analysis to use so as to examine this economic environment. The Pestel assessment basically deals with the political environment, the environmental environment, the social, technological, ec onomic and finally the legal environment that surrounds an organization. Basically, a macro environment defines the conditions that exist in the whole economy as opposed to particular sections or regions in the economy. As such, this environment follows up the trends in the GDP market, monetary policies, fiscal policies, level of spending as well as employment. CITATION Dee06 l 1033 (Deepashree 2006) The political environment generally deals with the political factors that affect the performance of a business. Political factors, more often than not, come with policies. The fiscal and monetary policies for instance, affect businesses to a great deal. This depends on whether they are expansionary or contractionary. The government of a country has control of most businesses. Another way through which political factors affect businesses is through the political environment of a country, that is, whether the political temperatures are favorable for investment. Political instabilities in a country greatly discourage investment. This affects both mobile companies and supermarkets since it raises the question of globalization. With high political temperatures, it becomes very difficult to explore global markets. CITATION Arv l 1033 (Arvil Van Adams n.d.)The environment, on its own affects the performance of a business. The environment of a business is basically determined by the climatic conditions. The climate, or weather, in this case, will mostly affect a supermarket. As a matter of fact, there are goods whose demand rises with temperature. Such goods are among electronic fans. Supermarkets are bound to experience increase in sale of such product in the hot weather. On the other hand, there are other products such as umbrellas whose demand is bound to increase with the onset of cold weather. As such, though to a small extent, environmental factors play a role as factors in the macroeconomic environment. CITATION Sub07 l 1033 (Subrata Ghatak 2007)Social and cultural factors have a major effect as elements in the macroeconomic environment. This segment affects the performance of a business through the traditions, customs and beliefs of a society. It also deals with the issue of aging. Aging has an indirect effect on the demand and supply of a commodity. For the working population, when they age, they are paid handsomely in terms of pension. As a result, most of them might tend to spend more on luxury goods. This is how mobile companies get to benefit. The general consumption for this proportion of population increases and as such, this also affects supermarkets. The beliefs and attitudes of a population also determine the consumption pattern through tastes and preferences. CITATION Cal14 l 1033 (Monroe 2014)Technological factors affect the operations and performance of a business to a very large extent. Technology has a direct effect on production costs. This is because high levels of technology imply less production costs. The relationship bet ween technology and consumption is quite simple. Technology is a major factor of production, both for mobile companies and supermarkets. There is low demand of human resource with high levels of technology. This makes production relatively cheaper. The total cost of production reduces as well. The end result of this is that the profit margin increases. Technology may also become obsolete and this has a negative impact on the performance of the business. CITATION Les12 l 1033 (Leslie Hamilton 2012)Economic factors are the other factors that are prevalent in the macro environment of a business. Under this umbrella lie major issues to do with inflation, unemployment, GDP, Per Capita Income and many others. These factors generally create an economic environment and have the same effect on mobile companies and supermarkets depending on their degree of severity. A highly inflated economy means that the general price level of goods be it in supermarkets or from mobile phone companies. As a result, such an economy does not encourage investment by either of the two enterprises. CITATION Dee06 l 1033 (Deepashree 2006)Legal factors; these are legislations that affect the performance of a business. The quota system, for instance, is a legislation that affects the amount of imports. Narrowing down to mobile companies, they are affected by government policies to a very great extent. This is because their transactions mainly involve importation and exportation of products. Most governments have extremely stringent laws and regulations. Governments are often very strict especially with the quality of goods they import. Moreover, with respect to supermarkets, governments may have very strict regulations with regard to importation so as to promote local industries. Such issues affect the performance of companies to a very great extent. Taxes, which are stipulated by the government, are other pieces of legislation that both mobile companies and supermarkets have to come to terms with. From the above analysis, we can conclude that both the macro environment and the microenvironment have on the performance of a business, both positively. CITATION Arv l 1033 (Arvil Van Adams n.d.) References l 1033 Arvil Van Adams, ‎Robert S. Goldfarb, ‎Terence Kelly. How the Macroeconomic Environment Affects Human Resource. n.d. Deepashree. Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Environment. Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2006. Leslie Hamilton, ‎Philip Webster. International Business Environment. Oxford University Press, 2012. Monroe, Calvin. An Analysis of the UK Mobile Environment. GRIN Verlag, 2014. Subrata Ghatak, ‎Nige Healey, ‎Peter Jackson. The Macroecoomic Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Source document

Exploring a Communication in Arabic Lingua Culture Essay

Conversation is the most basic form of communication and human beings rely on conversation to exchange information and maintain social relationships (Gardner 1994: 97). Human interactions rely on conversation for simple chatting as well as work related tasks, political discussions and educational decisions (Gardner 1994: 98). Conversation is at the heart of the human ability to interact with one another in everyday life. Communicative events typically involve definable boundaries and a joint effort at interaction (Orr 2008: 317). A communicative event that occurs within its social boundaries becomes an engagement between two people (Orr 2008: 317). In other words, a communicative event between two friends results in an engagement that has meaning to both parties involved. In contrast, a communicative event that is between two strangers, such as a shopper and salesperson, cannot be considered an engagement because when the encounter is over it holds no meaning to those involved (Orr 2008: 317). Further, a communicative event is only successful when both parties involved contribute to the process of understanding as the conversation takes place (Aune, Levine, Park, Asada, & Banas 2005: 358). In a communicative event between friends, each friend is responsible for contributing something to the conversation that will make the interaction meaningful for both people. When both friends are not contributing to the communicative event equally, then the encounter fails to have meaning and makes the person who is contributing view his or her friend negatively (Aune, et al 2005: 358). An analysis of a communicative event that occurred between two friends in Saudi Arabia is offered. This analysis includes a discussion of the eleven components that Saville-Troike identifies. The Communicative Event Cultural analysis is an important part of discussing linguistics and communication. However, linguistics is not typically associated with a cultural analysis even though the conversation styles and traditions of different cultures are an essential component to communicative events (Wierzbicka 1997: 1). In fact, there is a very close link between culture and the lexicon of the language spoken as part of that culture. This is why many cultures rely on special words for important aspects of their culture such as food (Wierzbicka 1997: 1). Additionally, many cultures, such as the Arabic culture, rely on special greetings and phrases as part of their communicative events. These special greetings and phrases add depth to the communicative events and allow them to have meaning to the people involved. The conversation analyzed for this paper occurred between two friends and included a special greeting as well as common phrases used in Saudi Arabian culture. These components of the communicative event allowed the interaction to mean something to the two friends and resulted in positive feelings from both. The definition of a communicative event and a consideration to cultural differences is particularly useful for language teachers because it gives them insight into the importance of specific aspects of communicative events that differ across cultural boundaries. Language teachers are most successful when they are able to incorporate aspects of native language into new language acquisition. Changing the way that language teachers instruct is a constant part of the job of language teachers (Jacobs & Farrell 2003: 5). At the same time, it is important that a language teacher give students the tools necessary for learner autonomy, understanding the social nature of learning, the ability for curricular integration, a focus on meaning, attention to diversity, thinking skills, assessment and utilizing the teacher as a co learner (Jacobs & Farrell 2003: 5). These eight skills are essential for language teachers to implement in order to allow students to rely on their native language while also learning a new language. Further, sensitivity to cultural differences in language style will allow the language teacher to provide students with authentic opportunities to engage in meaningful communicative events. At the same time, language teachers cannot choose to only implement one or two of these components. They are all necessary components to successful language instruction. Classroom language instruction is an important part of the job of a language teacher. However, the type of language instruction has an impact on how well students acquire language skills (Spada 1987: 137). A study of three separate language classrooms over a period of sixty observation hours shows that students are sensitive to the communicative orientation of new language acquisition (Spada 1987: 137). The reason behind this observation is the different communicative styles utilized by different cultures. For example, the special greeting and phrases used the in conversation to be analyzed here differ from the style of communication in other cultures. Therefore, sensitivity to different communicative styles may result in better instruction and higher levels of learning. The ability to improve in the speaking, listening and discourse areas of language learning seem to be related to classroom instruction style (Spada 1987: 137). When a language teacher begins to work with a specific location, the first step is to study the community that will make up the instructional population. This is important so the language teacher is able to gather important information about the social organization and important aspects of the culture in order to relate that information to the culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 107). At the same time, it is important for language teachers to discover the way that native speakers structure their communicative events in order to gain insight into the importance of different communication components important to that specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 107). Ultimately, the goal of a language teacher would be to make many careful and thorough observations of native speakers engaging in a variety of different communicative events so a complete understanding of communication can be gathered. Once this job is completed the language teacher should be able to model communicative events after the communicative events of native speakers (Saville-Troike 1989: 107). To this end, Saville-Troike introduces eleven components that will each be commented on as they relate to the communicative example used in this paper: type of event, topic, purpose or function, setting, key, participants, message form, message content, act sequence, rules for interaction and norms for interaction (1989: 138). Type of Event, Topic, Purpose and Setting The type of event, topic, purpose and setting make up the scene of the communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 139). The type of event analyzed is an informal conversation between two university friends who have not seen or spoken to one another for a week. The topic of the conversation is the time that has gone by without speaking or seeing one another and includes a discussion about why so much time has passed as well as plans to spend time together in the near future. The purpose of the communicative event is time for the friends to catch up with one another and make plans to engage in further conversation. Finally, the setting for the communicative event is Abha City in the Southern Province of Saudi Arabia. These four components of this specific communicative event make up the whole scene. While only the setting can be directly observed, the type of event, the topic and the purpose of this communicative event are equally as important for gathering information about the cultural aspects of Arabic linguistics and conversation style (Saville-Troike 1989: 139). Further cultural information can be obtained by observing the traditions and customs of a specific culture with regards to communication. This communicative event occurred between two friends and included the special greeting, â€Å"Peace be upon you† and â€Å"peace be upon you too. † This greeting is an essential aspect of Arabic communicative events and means that there is goodwill among the two friends. If this greeting would have been omitted from the conversation it would indicate that the friends were angry with one another. When analyzing components of a communicative event that are not directly visible it is important to be watching for important information regarding the sacred nature of communication and what that looks like for different cultures (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). For example, in this communicative event between two friends, an observer cannot see what the type of event or what the purpose of the event is. However, listening to the conversation and watching for customs and traditions provides valuable insight into the nature of cultural differences and what is important (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). These observations will allow an observer to discover what is sacred to a culture with regards to communication as well as what types of beliefs are important to them. Further, an observer can learn what behaviors are unacceptable, what the purpose of particular behaviors are and see external signs of participation in ritual parts of a communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). Key The key of a communicative event is introduced in order to provide the tone, manner or spirit of the encounter (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). This can take the form of teasing versus seriously discussing something, being sincere versus sarcastic, being friendly versus hostile or being sympathetic versus threatening (Saville-Troike 1989: 141). The type of key that is present in a communicate event relies on the type of relationship the people involved in conversation have. In this case, the communicative event was informal, but respectful and was a sincere and friendly exchange between two friends. However, if the conversation took a sarcastic key, the sarcasm would have overridden the sincerity of the interaction thus making the conversation far less meaningful than it was (Saville-Troike 1989: 142). In this way, the strongest key takes center stage and is determined by who the participants of the communicate event are, what their relationship as well as the nature of the conversation. Further, the key of the communicative event may be determined through the use of nonverbal cues in addition to the dialogue. For example, if one person winks at the other this may suggest some teasing during the conversation while a stiff posture may indicate that a serious conversation is occurring (Saville-Troike 1989: 142). Observing the communicative event that is analyzed here, the nonverbal cues may have included changes in facial expression when the friends began to discuss why one friend had been to busy to spend time with friends. Watching these facial expressions would lend insight into how serious or friendly the communicative event really was. Participants The participants are the most important component of a communicative event. Without participants, conversation would never happen. The participants in this communicative event were two young male university friends. The absence of females indicates the nature of gender roles in the Saudi Arabian culture. In the Arabic culture, males are not permitted to meet with females and are only allowed to converse with other males. This information provides important information regarding the role relationship of conversation in Saudi Arabia as well as information about sex and social status (Saville-Troike 1989: 143). The absence of females provides a great deal of information about the Arabic culture. It shows what the rights of each member of society are as well as the attitudes, expectations and behaviors toward others. It also shows who has authority over whom (Saville-Troike 1989: 143). This communicative event shows that males are the dominant gender in Saudi Arabian culture and this prevents them from openly conversing with females. Further, it gives insight into the attitudes, expectations and behaviors expected from males versus females. Finally, the culture dictates the formality or informality of a communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 144). This exchange between two young male friends was informal as compared to a conversation that may take place between a young Arab male and an older Arab male. In other words, the participants engaging in conversation have a direct influence over the nature of the communicate event and dictate what type of interaction will take place. Message Form Message form, message content and act sequence are determined by various social, cultural and situational constraints on communicative behavior. Each of these components can be presented vocally or non vocally (Saville-Troike 1989: 144). Many cultures rely on non vocal sounds to represent meaning in conversation and these make up the message form. These vocal and non vocal sounds make up the verbal and non verbal components of conversation style. For example, the verbal vocal relationship includes spoken language while the non verbal vocal relationship includes such things as laughter. Similarly, the non vocal verbal relationship is comprised of such things as written language or sign language while the non vocal non verbal relationship includes such things as silence and eye behavior (Saville-Troike 1989: 145). Although these different aspects of language vary across cultures, they are important aspects of any communication style. This communicative event example used here relies on these different relationships in order to allow the participants to engage in a conversation that has meaning to both parties. The two friends engaged in the verbal vocal relationship simply by exchanging spoken dialogue. At the same time, they engaged in the non verbal vocal relationship by relying on laughter to become part of their conversation. They also relied on the non vocal verbal relationship through the use of hand gestures and facial expressions that lent support to the nature of the conversation and also injected meaning into the exchange. Finally, the two friends showed the non vocal non verbal relationship through their use of appropriate silences and eye contact while speaking to one another. Message Content The message content is closely related to message form and cannot be separated for appropriate analysis to occur (Saville-Troike 1989: 150). Message content refers to what communicative acts are about and what meaning they hold. The dialogue and silences of a communicate event make up the message form while the meaning and implications derived from the communicative event make up the message content (Saville-Troike 1989: 150). The overall meaning of a communicate event rely on the verbal and non verbal messages being exchanged. However, meaning is also derived from extra linguistic context as well as information and expectations participants bring to the conversation (Saville-Troike 1989: 150). The physical content of a communicative event is important because it lends additional information to the exchange that allows for enhanced meaning. In this way, people who do not even speak the same language are often able to find meaning in their exchange simply be relying on physical objects or other outside influences that inject meaning without words (Saville-Troike 1989: 151). Whatever type of physical objects, outside influences or even hand gestures that are used during a communicative event it is important that they convey meaning and allow for a successful conversation. The example of a conversation used here was successful because the two friends understood the location they were in as well as the gestures each person used during the course of the communicative event. Act Sequence The act sequence component of a communicative event includes information about the ordering of the conversation. This is evident through the appropriate initiation of conversation by one person and the following of that initiation by the other person (Saville-Troike 1989: 152 – 153). The example provided here is a good example of appropriate initiation. One of the young men starts the conversation by saying, â€Å"peace be upon you† and the other man responded with, â€Å"peace be upon you too. † In Saudi Arabian culture this is an important greeting and indicates friendship and goodwill at the start of a conversation. Eliminating this greeting would suggest anger and would upset the natural ordering of conversations in Arabic culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 153). Regular patterns and recurring events are important cultural component of communicative events. When participants follow these patterns and recurring events it suggests that the nature of conversations is important and sacred within a culture. Further, the types of patterns that emerge from these patterns and recurring events allow for comparison across cultures (Saville-Troike 1989: 153 – 154). The conversation between the two young Arabic students followed a natural progression and provided important insight into the nature of communicative events in Arabic culture. Rules for Interaction The rules of interaction dictate an explanation for the rules of speech which are applicable to communicative event in a specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 154). These rules refer to the way that the participants in the conversation are expected to behave based on the values of their culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 154). Again, the special greeting at the start of this conversation is one example of an expectation for behavior. In Arabic culture, this is the standard greeting that comes at the beginning of a communicative event and Arabic males are expected to make use of it. These rules may not necessarily be dictated by law but are used based on values that are important within a specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 154). Arabic law does not require this greeting at the start of a conversation, but the values and beliefs of the Arabic culture make the greeting an expectation. Further, the use of this greeting indicates the role of turn taking in conversation within the Arabic culture. The initial greeting is followed by a follow up greeting which allows the participants to take turns greeting one another and starting a conversation. At the same time, turn taking is important in this example of a communicative event because it allows each young man to have a turn speaking while the other young man listens. This injects meaning into the conversation because the interaction relies on listening skills as well as speaking skills to get the point across (Saville-Troike 1989: 155). Norms of Interpretation Norms of interpretation are important because they provide all of the other information about the culture. These are essential for the overall understanding of the communicative event (Saville-Troike 1989: 155). For example, the different types of speech must be analyzed in order to fully understand cultural differences within a conversation. This example of the communicative event used here includes the use of the phrase, â€Å"old man. † In some cultures this may a derogatory phrase but is included in this example to show respect. In Arabic culture using the term â€Å"old man† shows respect for one’s elders and the young men use it in reference to one of their fathers. The understanding that this phrase shows respect is well known within the Arabic culture so it becomes a norm of conversation that is acceptable (Saville-Troike 1989: 155). Conclusion The development of communicative competence cannot take place without a relationship among these eleven components (Lock 1983: 253). Contexts rely on cultural information in order to provide an interplay of conversation as well as the self concepts of the participants and social structure acceptable within a society (Lock 1983: 253). A relationship among these eleven components can lead to successful communicative competence based on the cultural implications of language and how this relates to self concept and social structure (Lock 1983: 253). This can be directly applied to the language teacher because communicative competence is a cornerstone of successful language acquisition (Lee 2006: 349). Further, successful communicative events are only possible if a language teacher is able to blend the cultural components of the native language with the cultural components of the new language (Holliday 1997: 212). Therefore, an understanding of communicative competence is an essential part of successful language instruction (Lee 2006: 349). Communicative competence is the part of language knowledge that dictates which communicative system to use (Stalker 1989: 182). When the communicative system chosen is spoken language or conversation it is important to connect the goals and context of the situation in order to have a meaningful communicative event (Stalker 1989: 182). A basic understanding of what communication abilities are necessary for successful conversation within a specific culture is necessary to function adequately in society (Wiemann & Backlund 1980: 185). Therefore, the eleven components applied to a specific conversation example provide evidence and insight into the importance of language teachers enabling students to gain the knowledge the learning necessary in order to successfully participate in communicative encounters (Wiemann & Backlund 1980: 185; Gardner 1994: 104). To this end, it is important to provide students with knowledge pertaining to the use of key words within a particular culture (Wierzbicka 1997: 6) as well as analyze the importance of the relationship between the eleven components of language (Saville-Troike 1989: 156). Finally, the overall outcome of communication is to discover the unique events and recurring patterns within a specific culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 177). This can only be done through careful observation and analysis of communicative events within a particular culture (Saville-Troike 1989: 177). Aune, R. K. ; Levine, T. R. ; Park, H. ; Asada, K. K. ; & Banas, J. A. 2005. Tests of a theory of communicative responsibility. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 24 (4): 358 – 381. Gardner, R. 1994. Conversation analysis: some thoughts on it applicability to applied linguistics. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, Series S (11): 97 – 118. Holliday, A. 1997. Six lessons: cultural continuity in communicative language teaching. Language Teaching Research, 1 (3): 212 – 238. Jacobs, G. M. & Farrell, T. S. C. 2003. Understanding and implementing the CLT paradigm. RELC Journal, 34 (1): 5 – 30. Lee, Y. 2006. Towards respectification of communicative competence: condition of L2 instruction or its objective? Applied Linguistics, 27 (3): 349 – 376. Lock, A. 1983. Communicative contexts and communicative competence. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 2 (2-3-4): 253 – 266. Orr, W. W. R. 2008. ‘Prospecting an encounter’ as a communicative event. Discourse Studies, 10 (3): 317 – 339. Saville-Troike, M. 1989, ‘The analysis of communicative events’, in The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction, 2nd edn, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 107-180. Spada, N. M.1987. Relationships between instructional differences and learning outcomes: a process-product study of communicative language teaching. Applied Linguistics, 8 (2): 137 – 161. Stalker, J. C. 1989. Communicative competence, pragmatic functions, and accommodation. Applied Linguistics, 10 (2): 182 – 193. Wiemann, J. M. & Backlund, P. 1980. Current theory and research in communicative competence. Review of Educational Research, 50 (1): 185 – 199. Wierzbicka, A. 1997, ‘Introduction’, in Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1-31.

Immigration Research Paper

Limits on Immigration Is Reform on Immigration somewhere in the near Future? Research Paper What is the first thing that comes to mind when one might think of Immigration? Possibly what is the United States current Immigration Policy? Would you even think that it is considered to be one of the most debatable topics constantly? There are two sides to every debate; I have been assigned to the pro side for immigration stating that I feel that there should be limits placed on immigration to our country and also more regulation of illegal aliens. The controversy over Immigration first started when migration reached a peak in the early 1900’s when between the years of 1900 and 1910 over 1 million immigrants entered the United States each year. (Hsu, 2009) Ever since then, immigration has constantly been in debate. Immigration is the powerful strength behind U. S. population increase, right now accounting for half of total net population boost. Our countries population growth, which at three million per year right now is the maximum in the developed world, is a main cause of many of the United States problems and presents a severe risk to our limited natural resources such as topsoil, forests, clean air and water, and healthy ecosystems. Statistics are saying that the population of the United States in the year 2050 should be around 500 million. The population is not just growing, but it is rapidly increasing. Some states are becoming so overpopulated with this rapid growth that people are comparing them to be growing more immensely than that of some third world countries. This extremely rapid growth is beginning to put a vast strain on our countries natural resources, cities and environmental health. There is beginning to be many conflicts connected with massive population growth, such as heavy traffic, air pollution, water and energy shortages, extremely overcrowded schools, declines in purchasing authority and quality of living, tax increases, and soil erosion. †(WHY A 100,000 LIMIT ON IMMIGRATION IS REALISTIC AND NECESSARY) However, the average American citizen's birthrate is at substitution level. What most of the American population doesn’t realize is that â€Å"over 70% of the United States expansion is due to mass- immigration of people generated into the population growth. †(Immigration) A supreme restraint on legal immigration would considerably decrease on both existing and future chain migration. This restriction would give the United States time to even out the current population, address the problems created by over-stressed city infrastructures and poverty, and to form an environmental policy to protect strained natural resources. A halt would then give time for new immigrants and poor citizens alike to achieve better opportunities through higher salary and improved learning opportunities. â€Å"The Untied states currently takes in over one million legal immigrants each year, which is more than all other developed nations in the world, combined. †(Immigration Regulation) The absolute number of immigrants has basically affected our country's ability to continue to contribute for newcomers and natives equally, and to put it simply has only added to America's problems. Immigration reform has been recently been brought to attention by the Obama administration â€Å"pushing amnesty for illegal immigrants. The Administration has also reversed a number of policies that had improved enforcement. These changes have included ending work place raids and a shift toward â€Å"catch and release† of illegal immigrants, instead of detaining them and deporting them. Rather than chase comprehensive immigration reform, the Administration and Congress should ensure that the existing policies on border security, interior enforcement, and non-immigrant visas are working. (McNeill, 2010). What the Obama Administration should be doing is not pushing so much emphasis towards amnesty, but instead focuses on fixing the problems happening along the border, in the cities, and in the U. S. visa system. An incremental approach should be used to solve these problems, focusing foremost on the security of the border and following through with enforcing immigration laws w ithin the United States, while making visa services more successful and bringing them up to date with the realistic demands of the U. S. economy. The Three-Legged Stool of Immigration Policy During a speech given by Janet Napolitano, U. S. Secretary of Homeland security, she referred to the â€Å"three-legged stool† of immigration reform, where she described the legs as â€Å"serious and effective enforcement, improved legal movement for families and workers, and a firm but fair way to deal with those who are already here. The stool is considered to be initially unstable. The three-legged stool of immigration policy would be more stable if it used the following three legs: Border ecurity, Effective interior enforcement, and an efficient and dynamic visa and naturalization system. Leg #1: Border Security. The U. S. has made some advancement on border security, but a large amount work still needs to be done. Secretary Napolitano’s three-legged stool assumes that this piece has already been accomplished. In addition, the U. S. cannot be convinced how much of this development is the product of improved U. S. border security and how much is the product of the recession, which has reduced economic incentives to cross into the U. S. illegally. Leg #2: Interior Enforcement. Instead of building on past progress, over the past year the Obama Administration has overturned a number of successful core enforcement efforts that began under the Bush Administration. Secretary Napolitano has argued, â€Å"We have replaced old policies that merely looked tough with policies that are designed to actually be effective. †(McNeill, 2010) Leg #3: The Naturalization System. U. S. isa and naturalization programs remain unproductive and the country still lacks a stimulating part-time worker curriculum that legal immigrants can use to come to work in the United States. Advocates with both pro-immigrant and restriction views on immigration have convincing points that could be lead in the direction of reform. â€Å"Those that are in favor of the need for improved enforcement argues that reform is needed to both strengthen border security and to put together a dependable interior worksite system to prevent employers from hir ing those not certified to work in the United States. (Tessada, 2010) And those in favor of legalization would like a program that allows immigrants who have lived in the United States for a certain number of years and who are suitable to apply for legal status and the right for occupation to work. In conclusion, when it comes down to immigration, people need to be able to trust the system. Americans need to know that their government is fully dedicated to enforcing the law and securing the border—and that this responsibility is being taken care of very seriously. Law enforcement needs to be better equipped with the legal tools and the required funds to deal with border-related and immigration-related crime. †(White, 2010) Immigrants need to be able to plan ahead for the future —they need to know everything that is included in the laws once they have been reformed, there is going to have a system that actually works, and that the general nature of our immigration laws will last, and they need to know that they will have as many responsibilities as they do human rights. Works Cited